Consequences Of Childbearing For Teenagers Social Work Essay

Outcomes Of Childbearing For Teenagers Social Work Essay Presentation Open worry over youthful sexual wellbeing and the goals to these worries has in the course of recent decades produced political discussion and scholastic request the world over. At the center of youthful sexual wellbeing is the issue of high school pregnancy. South Africa has not been saved from the difficulties young pregnancy presents. Investigation into young pregnancy in South Africa started during the 1980s. With an end goal to control the pervasiveness of high school pregnancy, scholastics and strategy producers the same have created different methodologies and approaches focusing on adolescents. However after three decades, young pregnancy despite everything stays a topical issue in South Africa. Around 16 million pre-adult young ladies somewhere in the range of 15 and 19 years conceive an offspring every year around the world, and 80% of these young ladies are found in creating nations (World Health Organization, 2010). In South Africa, 40% of all births include young ladies younger than 19 years, and 35% of these adolescents, conceive an offspring before arriving at the age of 19 years (Medical Research Council, 2009).According to the Department of Basic Education (2009), in South Africa, an aggregate of 45,000 youngsters were pregnant in 2008, while the number expanded to 49,000 out of 2009. This part looks at writing on high school pregnancy, and will help with giving justification and setting to this examination. This writing survey will go astray from the customary Knowledge, Attitude and Perception (KAP) writing examines that detach people from social, social and financial settings that impacts and shape their lives. The shortcoming of KAP examines is that they don't recognize the impact of social, financial and cultural factors on human conduct. Jewkes et al. (2001) include that KAP contemplates young pregnancy in South Africa have for the most part been clear and don't put forth an attempt to represent the hole between information, mentality and recognition. In exertion to represent these disparities, and concoct holes in young pregnancy research, this writing survey has been isolated into the accompanying two areas (I) the outcomes of youngster bearing on adolescents, and (ii) factors adding to high school pregnancy. Results OF CHILDBEARING FOR TEENAGERS The test of spontaneous and undesirable pregnancy for an adolescent has long haul results, for the mother, however for society all in all, with broad ramifications for financial and social turn of events. Mpanza (2010:66) advances that young people who drop out of school because of pregnancy never well after they come back from labor, this can be credited to partitioned loyalties between dealing with the kid and continuation of school. As a result of its typically undesirable and impromptu nature, high school pregnancy consistently represents a wellbeing and social hazard, a point additionally bolstered by Edgardh (2000), Genius and Genius (2004), Santelli (2000), and Petiffor et al. (2004). These investigations affirm that early sexual commencement is an indicator of unsafe sexual conduct and is bound to be non-consensual, unprotected and to be consequently lamented, bringing about impromptu and undesirable pregnancy. While the outcomes of high school pregnancy are shifted, it is imperative to recognize that adolescent pregnancy is an aftereffect of an intricate arrangement of differed, however interrelated variables. A comprehension of these elements will empower a superior comprehension of the information, perspectives and view of adolescents towards high school pregnancy. Interruption of school High school pregnancy has the capability of constraining a students future vocation possibilities. For the pregnant student, approaching parenthood drives her to drop out of school as she can't keep considering (Macleod Tracey, 2009). Students are driven away from school when their pregnancy has advanced as schools are obliging of their state (Bhana Swartz, 2009). The Department of Educations (DoE) 2007 Measures for the Prevention and Management of Learner Pregnancy makes it workable for instructors to demand students disappear from nonappearance for as long as two years (Macleod Tracey, 2009:15). Indeed, even with enactment set up, pregnant young people are sent away from school sooner than they should (on the same page). This is most likely because of the recognition that pregnant students are a terrible impact to different students. Dubiousness and equivocalness of the training rule presents a test to the instructors who are left to decipher it at their attentiveness. For example, the record puts the obligation of child rearing solidly on the student, and states that a time of two years might be essential for this reason. No student will be ought to be re-conceded around the same time that they left school because of pregnancy (DoE, 2007:5), teachers are left to choose to what extent the student avoids school. This decision might be in struggle with the wants of the youthful mother who may have adequate help at home, which empowers her to come back to class sooner than anticipated (Bhana Swartz, 2009). Youthful dads are likewise influenced by pregnancy, but in an unexpected way. It has been accounted for that looming parenthood, social and cultural desires may drive the youthful dad away from school and look for work. This is contingent as it relies upon whether the kid acknowledges obligation or not (Shefer Morrell, 2012; Bhana Swartz, 2009). Notwithstanding, Macleod and Tracey (2009) contend that the degree of interruption brought about by pregnancy on students is begging to be proven wrong as students drop out of school for different reasons of which adolescent pregnancy is one. Preston-Whyteâ and Zondi (1992) agree with this declaration. Manzinis (2001) investigation of high school pregnancy in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) shows that over 20.6% of pregnant adolescents had just dropped out of school before falling pregnant. Aside from falling pregnant, youngsters may leave school because of dissatisfactions related with the freshness of educators, who regularly are required to instruct in zones that are not their skill, and an absence of significance of the educational program and showing materials (Human Science Research Council, 2007). Among factors inside the home that prompted drop-out, students in this investigation refered to the nonappearance of guardians at home, money related troubles and the need to think about kin or wiped out relative. Strassburg et al. (2010) and Fleisch et al. (2010) agree with the 2007 HRSC discoveries and affirm that the reasons young people drop out of school are a blend of between related elements. All things considered, Fleisch et al. (2010) note that neediness alone can't best clarify why adolescents drop out of school, in light of the fact that there are different factors, for example, scholarly capacity of the young person, instructor student relationship, support from home and school, liquor and medication misuse and family structure that add to class dropout. Lloyd and Mensch (1995:85) sum up the different reasons why adolescents may drop out of school by expressing that, Instead of pregnancy making young ladies drop out, the absence of social and financial open doors for young ladies and ladies and the local requests set on them, combined with the sexual orientation imbalances of the instruction framework, may bring about inadmissible school encounters, poor scholastic execution, and passive consent in or underwriting of early parenthood. In any case, pregnancy positions among the top supporters of school dropout for young ladies in South Africa (HRSC, 2009). While pregnancy may not be the purpose behind leaving school, kid care is an explanation behind not coming back to class. Manzini (2001) shows that youthful moms, who need to deal with their infants, and think that its hard to shuffle understudy life and being a mother, at last drop out. Different explanations behind not coming back to class have been investigated, among them being an absence of a help structure, money related difficulties and access to a Child Support Grant (CSG). Exploration in South Africa demonstrates that young people who don't have support from their families and battle monetarily once the infant is conceived, for the most part dropout of school in order to accommodate the child and themselves (Bhana Swartz, 2009). Then again, concentrates in Brazil and Guatemala demonstrate that young ladies are compelled to search for employments to enhance family salary and deal with the new relative (Hallman et al., 2005). Youthful moms who have bolster structures as guardians and grandparents have a chance of coming back to class (Grant Hallman, 2006). Matthews et al. (2008) agree and keep up that the nearness of a more established female in the family empowers students to come back to class, while the nonappearance of similar powers them to search for elective methods of getting by. This is the equivalent with high school fathers who have acknowledged duty and have family that is set up to help the kid (Bhana Swartz, 2009). The arrival to class in South Africa is roused by a longing for a superior life. Recounted proof recommends that guardians of African young moms as a rule send the youngster school year kickoff, since she has a higher possibility of getting high lady of the hour cost if she gets hitched. In the African conviction framework, an informed lady will undoubtedly bring a more significant expense than that of an uneducated one (Macleod, 2009; Mkwananzi, 2011; Bhana, Swartz Morrell, 2012) . Kaufman, de Wet and Stadler (2000) agree, including that the way that the young person has demonstrated her richness really builds her odds of marriage in future. Strangely, youngsters in Hlabanganas 2012 examination in Soweto (South Africa) showed that falling pregnant before marriage diminishes the lady of the hour cost, as imminent grooms think about the adolescent moms as utilized products. Purposes behind coming back to class after pregnancy may differ for both genders, yet the significant part is that the youngster is back in school. Plainly the impacts of high school pregnancy on the youngster fluctuate for the youthful guardians, the distinction may lie in the money related conditions of the adolescents family and with respect to the youthful dad whether he acknowledges obligation of the pregn

Evaluating Eligibility Rules Free Essays

Every one of the three are open day in and day out and each can oblige up to twenty adolescents per night. Similarly as with cost social administrations, the deciding of money related and clinical qualification is the main factor for these in danger youth profiting by the projects gave past crisis administrations. The administrations they give after qualification has been set up are case the executives, physical and psychological wellness administrations, substance reliance administrations, legitimate help, school commitment, work preparation and help, and discovering protected and stable lodging. We will compose a custom article test on Assessing Eligibility Rules or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now There are numerous sorts of rules that can be assessed for a wide range of associations, for example, earlier commitments, authoritative principle, private agreements, proficient tact, Judicial choice, connection to the workforce, and means testing which are just explicit to qualification administers as there are numerous types of advantages and administrations which are just explicit measures to advantages and administrations, for example, normalization, target productivity, exchange offs, cost-viability, substitutability, coerciveness/meddling. A few models explicit to qualification rules, for example, over-illumination’s, overpowering expenses, off-focusing on advantages and shame/distance are standards explicit advantages which are viewed as facial issues that neutralize the accomplishment of a practical arrangement and programs and certainly neutralize sufficiency, value, and proficiency. These unique issues are frequently made by the nearness of the qualification rules which have direct connection to those recorded as extraordinary issues and if pertinent to this association they will be examined as assessed for value of its fit with the social issue origination that underlies the program or arrangement viable. â€Å"For a program or strategy to be a lucid answer for a social issue, the individuals who get the climaxes benefits as well as administrations must be incorporated inside the gathering whom the social issue investigation Identifies as having a problem,† (Chambers ; Wedded, 2005, Chi. , p. 118). This assessment will cover the measures for advantages and administrations and standards for qualification rules of this specific organization’s social strategies and projects. Definitely known are the advantage types which are associated with this specific association along these lines with such advantage types additionally gives a ramifications of obj ectives, and goals for ampleness, value, and proficiency. This association meets he models for a Value-basic Appraisal of Social Policy Programs. Essential Policy Collectivities | 1. Purposes. Long haul Short term. Show 1. Explicit to objectives and goals (an) administration and conveyance as well as the finished result. (b) clearness, insurability, manipulability. Ramifications of objectives and targets for sufficiency, value, and effectiveness. 3. Attack of objectives and targets with the social issue investigation: issue definition and factors (results) in easygoing examination. I Forms of Benefits and Services 1. Individual social administrations (â€Å"expert services†)2. â€Å"Hard benefits†: money, products, Commodities. Credits/vouchers. Endowments. Government advance certifications. Defensive guidelines. Control over choices Each gathering gives or trades what different needs or needs wherein some accompany explicit specifications. Regularly vows to contribute a specific add up to a specific association inside a particular assignment of time are made with the goal for them to get what they are needing now. The Cocoon House has guaranteed, showed and gave the final product they proposed. Each business game plan, any affiliations, and all associations with are for the improvement of the in danger adolescents and youthful grown-ups that are destitute inside Washington. Shortcoming in qualification rules were not indicated nor ensnared. These principles were all around shaped, clear and brief and no doubt will keep away from any political intercession in the activity of the association except if purposefully invited. The Judgment of the assessed qualification rules are accepted to be reasonable and adequate. They are accepted to be such in light of the fact that they fit with the social issue investigation and issue definition/target bunch details alongside the Reference Chambers, D. E. , Wedded, K. R. (2005). Social Policy and Social Programs: A Method for the Practical Public Policy Analyst (thee. ). Boston, MA: Allan and Bacon The most effective method to refer to Evaluating Eligibility Rules, Papers

Can You Lease A Car With Bad Credit

Can You Lease A Car With Bad Credit Can You Lease A Car With Bad Credit? Can You Lease A Car With Bad Credit?Cars! They get you from one place to another place. Sometimes that other place is work. If you have a job and you don’t live within walking distance or close to good public transportation, you’ll probably need a car to get there!But we don’t have to tell you that cars are important. And we don’t have to tell you that they’re expensive either. That’s why many people choose to lease a car instead of buying it outright. And then you’ll only have to commit to a few years.But what if your credit isn’t so hot? Can you still lease a car? And should you?How does leasing a car work?First of all, it’s important to understand that when you lease a car, you in no way own that car. It’s essentially the equivalent to renting an apartment. Much like renting an apartment, there are pros and cons to leasing. The main disadvantage is that you aren’t building any equity in the thing you’re leasing, so once that lease is up, you won’t have an ything to show for all the money you’ve spent. However, unlike a house or apartment which might increase in value, especially with renovations, cars are notorious for very quickly losing their value. So it might not be that much of a downside, comparatively. And there are advantages to leasing. Aside from the shorter commitment we alluded to earlier, you may not be fully on the hook for repairs. Although you’ll still need insurance, you may be able to bring a lease back to the dealer for certain repairs, just like you can have a super fix a problem at your apartment. Eventually. So if you are approved for a lease, you’ll sign on for the length of time you’d like to lease the car, and then make your monthly payments. You’ll also likely have a limited number of miles you can drive each year you have the lease or else you’ll have to pay an additional fee. But how will your credit influence your chances of being approved for the lease?Credit cars.  Unless your credit is in a really bad place, you’ll probably be able to get some kind of lease. But it’s going to be less than ideal to say the least.“Most people think of their credit score as a black and white number, but having a bad credit reputation is more of a gray area,” advised Jonas Sickler, marketing director for ReputationManagement.com (@repmgmt_com). “Your credit score can be lowered by a number of factors that wont affect your ability to lease a car. What will? Bankruptcy, more than 90 days of credit card delinquency and recent charge-offs will all raise flags when you sit down to discuss financing. Still, some companies are willing to overlook a tawdry credit reputation if youve turned things around and have a steady income source. However, youll pay more for your past indiscretions with a much higher rate.”But is it a good idea?Assuming your credit isn’t so bad that you’re denied a lease outright, are the increased rates Sickler mentioned worth it? Or are their better methods to get a car out there?Walter Zeiss (@WalterZeiss), public relations lead for Mychoicecarinsurance.ca offered a couple notes in favor of leasing with less than great credit, assuming you’re able to make all of your payments: “Your bad credit will begin to eventually improve. Generally speaking lease repayments tend to be somewhat cheaper than auto loan repayments, so leasing could be a good short term alternative.”But he also outlined the downsides: “Leasing isn’t the best option to improve your credit rating, auto loans will actually do a better job at improving your bad credit rating faster. Most likely you’ll need to pay a large upfront fee before beginning the lease. Your credit rating is an indicator of how you behave and manage your finances, so taking on a large financial burden probably isn’t the best idea. You still won’t own the car, so you would be much better off saving up and purchasing your own car outright and avoiding high interest fees. Bottom Line: While leasing a car with a bad credit rating is completely 100% achievable, there is much more sense in trying to get an auto loan or go one step further and save up to purchase your own car instead.”Okay, but I really want to  If you do decide you want to lease a car anyway, there are steps you can take to make it better for yourself while you’re still working on your credit.Sam Olmsted, writer and consultant for Superior Honda, told us what some of those steps are: “Although it’s not ideal, leasing a car with bad credit is possible. The simplest course of action is to wait and strive to build up your credit so that you’re in the best financial position before committing yourself to a contract. However, if you need to lease a car quickly, here are some tips: “Save cash Chances are your dealer will require a larger cash down payment to mitigate their risk if you have bad credit.“Be prepared to pay more Good credit scores instill trust in the transaction and lead to lower interest rates. Those with bad credit will likely have to pay a higher interest rate.“Research lease takeovers For those who are having trouble leasing a car due to bad credit, it is possible to take over another person’s lease. Typically, these takeovers don’t require such a strict credit check, though they may be done by a third party and not a dealer.”Whether you decide to lease a car or go a different direction, it’s important to know what you’ll be getting into. Now happy driving and enjoy  these related posts from OppLoans:8 Handy Tips for Road Trippin on the Cheap!Tricks and Tips for Cheaper Car RepairsNeed a New Car? Then You May Also Need a New Auto Loan.  How have you dealt with transportation and financial issues? Have you ever taken out a bad credit loan to fund a vehicle? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsJonas Sickler  is responsible for building and executing the digital marketing strategy at  Reputati onManagement.com  (@repmgmt_com). The broad scope of his role encompasses strategic content creation, web analytics, and developing and deploying targeted digital campaigns from concept to completion.Walter Zeiss (@WalterZeiss) is the public relations lead over at Mychoicecarinsurance.ca, where he heads up a small team of eager writers and content creators. In his spare time hes a car enthusiast that likes to spend his time consuming the latest info about high-tech cars and seeing as much motorsport as he can. Sam Olmsted is a writer and researcher for Superior Honda, a new and used car dealership outside of New Orleans, LA. Sam researches the automotive industry’s top trends and latest news. He spends time writing about the latest car releases, newest technological features and upgrades, the best tips and tricks on vehicle maintenance and servicing, and more. Sam also works to create marketing materials and promote the dealership online on a variety of platforms.

Definition Of Friendship Example Essay - 1172 Words

Friendship Read the following information about friendship. Using the information presented, your own experience, observations, and/or readings, write an article for your school newspaper about the meaning of friendship. As you write your speech, remember to: Focus on the definition of friendship. Consider the purpose, audience, and context of your article. Organize your ideas and details effectively. Include specific details that clearly develop your article. Edit your speech for standard grammar and language usage. Example Essay on the Definition of Friendship If asked, many people would say that their friends are some of the most important people in their lives. However, sometimes it is hard to recognize the value of a†¦show more content†¦Beautiful, dangerous, and heart-wrenching, friendship is not something that can be easily defined. It is something that must be seen, lived, and experienced.. Poets can write about it, musicians and sing about it, but until you make a true friend, and become one in return, the definition of friendship will always be a bit slippery and hard to hold onto. From my experience, this much I know is true: friends are those people who love you for who you are, and who you want to be. They know your deepest secrets and understand because they have the same secrets. They are not afraid to tell you the truth when you really need to hear it, and most importantly, they will always be there for you. Albert Schweitzer once said â€Å"Sometimes our light goes out but is blown into flame by another human being. Each of us owes deepest thanks to those who have rekindled this light. So, to my friends who have rekindled my light, I thank you. Example Essay Questions: These questions will help you to look for the things that make essays really excellent. 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While reading Goldman’s book, I found out that the examples she uses in the book is really easy to understand, and as a reader, we can simply relate those examples to our daily life. By reading Trenholm’s text of Body Movement and Gesture, we can learnRead MoreGlobalization Is Not A New Concept1465 Words   |  6 Pagesdoors economically and internationally. Now there must be some questions arise about how and why globalization has any impact on poverty or inequality. So in this essay I’ll try to focus on the impact of globalization on poverty and equality. DEFINITIONS of GLOBALIZATION –Beginning of Slide 3 GCSP published one article about definition of globalization in 19th June, 2006. They described that, â€Å"Globalization is not a small concept that can be defined and encompassed within a set time frame, nor

Descriptive Essay So Deceitful - 884 Words

Infinitely Deceitful I remember vividly. It was early morning, the 12th of September, Osan AFB, Korea. My grandmother called and told me to turn on the news. I watched the news for approximately 15 hours that day. I repeatedly watched reports about the Pentagon, New York City and the plane that was crashed by a group of heroic passengers on Flight (Flt) 93 in Pennsylvania. Throughout that day, I began to question the details of the reports. Later, I noticed that several reporters who questioned the events of the day were never replayed on any anniversary specials. In May 2005, I came across a movie called Loose Change: A 9/11 Truth Film. It was the movie that sent the most unsettling of chills down my spine and opened my eyes to the depths of deceit to which people are willing to sink. Initially, I was highly skeptical of the movie until the mention of World Trade Center Tower 7 (WTC 7). It was reported to have collapsed hours after Tower 1 and Tower 2 fell. 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The author gives a descriptive list of the twenty-eight mansions of the moon, according to the â€Å"Indian† system, and assigns to each its correct talisman. Analysis of the passage shows that it is a compound of â€Å"Indian† doctrines, the tenets of Dorotheus of Sidon (both attestedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDilemma Is Social Loafing Shirking? 300 Case Incident 1 Negative Aspects of Collaboration? 300 Case Incident 2 Herd Behavior and the Housing Bubble (and Collapse) 301 CONTENTS xiii 10 Understanding Work Teams 307 Why Have Teams Become So Popular? 308 Differences Between Groups and Teams 309 Types of Teams 310 Problem-Solving Teams 310 †¢ Self-Managed Work Teams 310 †¢ Cross-Functional Teams 311 †¢ Virtual Teams 312 Creating Effective Teams 312 Context: What Factors Determine Whether Teams

Icloud Current Situation Analysis Free Essays

CURRENT SITUATION ANALYSIS Christopher Dobrinski Esra Arnaudova Evanzhelin Stoyanova Jora Cakuli Apple Inc. is an American  multinational corporation  that designs and sells  consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The company is widely recognized by its logo which is an apple that is bitten on the right side which symbolizes lust, knowledge, hope and anarchy. We will write a custom essay sample on Icloud Current Situation Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Apple’s most famous products include the iPad, the iPhone, the iPod, and the MacBook series of laptops. All products offered by Apple use the iOS operational system. On August 20th, 2012 the company’s value broke the world record which is 624 billion dollars. iCloud is one of the company’s flagship applications, which allows its users to store data on remote computer servers, so that they can synchronize that data with almost every device that has the iOS system. The iCloud system provides its users with the ability to upload everything from music to books, photos, apps, and etc. Every iCloud account offers 5gb of free storage space, additional space be purchased in 10, 20 or 50 GB. Other features that the application has are Find My Phone which allows users to track the location of their iOS device or Mac. Find My Friends is another feature which allows users to share their location. Back To My Mac is a service on the iCloud that allows users to login remotely to other computers configured with the same Apple ID. iTunes Match is newest feature of the storage app, customers can match and scan tracks from CDs or other sources and listen to the same tracks on iTunes free of charge. Cloud’s main competitors include Amazon Cloud Drive, Box. net, Dropbox, and Microsoft Skydrive. Amazon Cloud Drive is a storage system much like the iCloud, it was launched in March 2011 by Amazon. com, just like the iCloud it offers 5 GB of free storage, any additional storage can be purchased, the cost is 1$ per GB a year, which is a lot cheaper than the product that Apple Inc. offers. Dropbox is a file hosting service operated by Dropbox Inc. which offers client software, file synchronization and cloud storage. Dropbox allows users to create a special folder on each personal computer that they have, which then Dropbox synchronizes so that the folder and its contents can be viewed on every PC or phone that it is synchronized with. Unlike Apple and Amazon, Dropbox only offers 2 GB of free space, while the paid Pro account offers up to 100 GB. Dropbox works with iOS, Android and Blackberry for mobile users and on Windows, Mac and Linux operating systems. Which is amazing because itis one of the few storage services that can be used on multiple software platforms. Box. net has been on the market since 2005 and has been a powerhouse in the segment. The personal edition of Box. net offers 5 GB of free space, while the maximum that can be purchased is 500 GB for 15 dollars a month with enhanced features. Box. net just like Dropbox works on multiple platforms. Microsoft Skydrive is Microsoft’s cloud storage system. The system offers 7 GB of free space, users that signed up prior to April 22nd received 25 GB of free storage enhancement. The service uses HTML5 technologies which allows customers to upload files of up to 300 MB in size by dragging and dropping the file into the web browser. Microsoft Skydrive works only for Windows Home and Windows Phone users. How to cite Icloud Current Situation Analysis, Essay examples

Managing strategic Resources and Planning

Question: Discuss about the Managing strategic Resources and Planning. Answer: Introduction In this given assignment, Canberra International airport of Australia is used to understand the whole operation of an airport, its inbound and outbound logistic, value chain and end user. It is serving the capital city of Australia, located at Northeastern edge of Canberra. Airport Group of Canberra Pty Ltd is liable for its operation and management. Flight is served by it to most of the capital cities of Australia. In 2009, Canberra International airport has undergone a major restructuring process in which the old terminal was fully demolished and new terminal was opened in that place. The operation and management of this airport is based on certain parameters, which must be kept in mind while deciding on the strategic management resources of the organization (De Neufville et al., 2013). Resource includes human capital, tangible and in tangible capitals and technological resources and monetary resources. Discussion Day to day operation of Canberra International airport includes better management of cost and customer satisfaction. Airport solutions are especially planned to handle all the needs of the airports, caterers, airlines, group handlers and cargo handlers. Improving the day-to-day operation will enable the enterprise to manage its operation effectively and develop its Key performance indicators (KPI) and training, training of business process, change in management, review of organizational structure and procedure of standard operation (Hill et al., 2014). Daily operation of Canberra International airport includes scheduling its flight timing, to check whether there is any delay in the flight timings and if there is a delay then contact to the passengers immediately and let them know about the flight changes. The main function of the ground staff is to check the passengers luggage whether they are carrying and items, which they are not allowed to carry. The ground staffs are also require d to help the passengers find their way to flight. Daily function of cabin crew is to look after the needs to the passengers and give them the knowledge off safety precaution at the time of takeoff and landing of the flight (Bratton Gold, 2012). The passengers need to be explained about the actions to be taken by them in case of any emergency like fastening seat belts and oxygen mask. They need to coordinate with the pilots who are the master of the vessel. If any passenger faces any problem, their main activity is to resolve that as soon as possible so that passenger is satisfied with their service. The administrative team of the airport looks after the administration process of running the airport. The allocate work to the employees of the airport in a way that a person efficient in a particular work is allocated that task only (Yu et al., 2013). Their main function is to overlook the entire operation of the airport efficiently and effectively. The administrative department looks after the food supply management, which is one of the most crucial activities, as all the airlines have to provide food and beverages to their passenger. Airlines do not have direct link ups the food suppliers, they depend on the value chain of the airport authority for their food supply (Narciso Piera, 2015). Therefore, the supply chain management of the airport needs to be strong otherwise a failure on their part will affect the reputation of the airlines and they will lose passengers. The checking of the baggage must be properly done so that any prohibited or inflammable products are not carried to the flight. If any inflammable product is carried to the flight then it may cause danger to the life of its passenger and the reputation of the airline will be at stake (Wu, 2016). Therefore, these are the major fields where more focus and attention must be given by the administrative department. Here comes the process of logistic inbound and outbound where the baggage and foods packages need to be transported properly from the airport to the flight. This includes a systematic process where either the vendor supply the food properly packed in container to the airport or the airport authority has their own transportation facilities to bring the food packages from the vendor place to airport (Aswathappa, 2013). Then the food packages needs to be arranged according to the flight demand and the ground staffs are required to deliver it to the flight where it is served to their respective passengers. The baggages are transported with the help of automated trolley from the airport to the respective flights where it is stored in the carrier of the plane. Now when the flight reaches its destination then baggages are handed over to the respective passenger according the ticket attached with the baggage and ticket given to the passenger. This process is to be done very cautiously so the baggages of the passengers are not interchanged. There is also an accounts and finance department in Canberra International airport, which looks after the financial aspects of the airport. Their main function is to perform day-to-day transaction, which involves receiving of fares from their passenger and payment of commission to their agents who are booking tickets on behalf of the passengers (Cummings Worley, 2014). These monetary transaction are required to be properly accounted for manually or in the accounting package they have so that at the end of their accounting period they have a clear picture of the financial standing of Canberra International airport. The accounts and finance department needs to look after the payment made to the vendors and dealers in their supply chain or value chain. They also need to look after the payment of salary to their staffs at the end of every month (Evans, Stonehouse Campbell, 2012). Any failure on that part can cause huge damage to the reputation of the airport. Therefore, it can be said that the responsibilities and duties of this department is too high so efficient and effective persons must be appointed so that no default is made I performing those duties. There is an information technology department in Canberra International airport, which looks after the servers, which control the entire information system of the airport. From cctv cameras to the display board where details of flight arrival and departure is continuously updated. Any failure on their part can lead to chaos within the passengers, which can harm the environment of the airport. Like all other airport Canberra International airport also have a security department, which checks the security within and outside the boundary of airport. Airport is a very sensitive place and now a day terrorist attack and highjack are increasing at a rapid pace and any fault of the security department can put hundreds of lives at stake (Oakland, 2014). Moreover, it will hamper the peace of entire nation. Therefore, the accountability of this department is very. Most of the airport outsources this security agenesis while some have their own security department. It depends on the size and volume of the airport. There is also an immigration verification department in Canberra International airport since it has commenced international flights. The main function of this department is to verify the passport and visas of the passengers travelling abroad (Morden, 2016). If case, any default is found in the passport or visas then they make proper enquiry about the person from internal and external sources and only if they are satisfied with the identity of the person then they allow the passenger to travel. Now all these departments are under the control of single umbrella i.e. management of Canberra International airport, which look after the entire affairs of the airport taking into, account the aspects of every department. All departments are accountable to the management for their performance. It there are any flaws in the any department then management must take corrective actions to reduce or eliminate those flaws (Eden Ackermann, 2013). The management is also responsible for the strategic planning for the future of the Canberra International airport. They must take steps to improve their financial and market position in future. The main target of an airport is to be in the top three airports worldwide in providing customer satisfaction as well as financial standings. The management of the airport has been delegated authority by the owners of the airport to supervise it properly and take it to a better position in future. Therefore, management is also accountable to its owners. Management is also responsible conducting internal and statutory audit of the airport every year. Based on the internal audit the management will be able to verify whether the internal control mechanism of Canberra International airport is adequate or not. Statutory audit of the financial statement will let the management understand the financial position of the company and steps required to be taken to improve it in future (Ellram, Tate Feitzinger, 2013). If there is any qualification in the financial statement then management must give proper explanation for that. Sustainability in the airport includes lightning, which is energy efficient, minimization of waste, water savings and efficient thermal glazing. In terms of sustainability Canberra International airport is standout. It is a leader in terms of infrastructure and asset building. The adjacent business park have achieved green first. It has been rated star for use of first trigeneration I an airport premises (Grant, 2016). Other sustainability initiatives taken by it are recycled steel, large-scale water recycling and zero reliance on potable water. Trigeneration gas plant that is in Majura Park reduces emission of CO2 by 1100 tones every year. There has been an adaptive recycle of 11 buildings, which already exist on the site of Business Park. Opening of Australians first backwater reuse plant in the airport in 2007, Storage of bike, connectivity of public transport and 2.68 m liters capacity of water storage has increased the sustainability of Canberra International airport. Conclusion In short, it can be concluded that Airports generally support to determine the optimal level of staffing, providing solution to complex problem, automation of employee management, coordination of ground and gate staff, efficiently manages the changes in day o day operation. Another important function of Airport authority department is to handle the baggage of their passengers. It is a ticket based system in which every baggage of passengers are attached a ticket according to which they are organized in a queue system so that none of the baggage is misplaced and they are delivered to their exact passenger. In addition, the sustainability issue must be kept with mind to give a better future to our next generation while managing the strategic resources. References Aswathappa, K., 2013.Human resource management: Text and cases. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. De Neufville, R., Odoni, A., Belobaba, P., Reynolds, T. (2013).Airport systems: planning, design and management. Eden, C., Ackermann, F. (2013).Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Ellram, L. M., Tate, W. L., Feitzinger, E. G. (2013). Factor Market Rivalry and Competition for Supply Chain Resources.Journal of Supply Chain Management,49(1), 29-46. Evans, N., Stonehouse, G., Campbell, D. (2012).Strategic management for travel and tourism. Taylor Francis. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Morden, T. (2016).Principles of strategic management. Routledge. Narciso, M. E., Piera, M. A. (2015). Robust gate assignment procedures from an airport management perspective.Omega,50, 82-95. Oakland, J. S. (2014).Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge. Wu, C. L. (2016).Airline operations and delay management: insights from airline economics, networks and strategic schedule planning. Routledge. Yu, M. M., Chern, C. C., Hsiao, B. (2013). Human resource rightsizing using centralized data envelopment analysis: Evidence from Taiwan's Airports.Omega,41(1), 119-130.

Major HRD Issues

Human resources development (HRD) has acquired a lot of attention lately as the contemporary highly competitive business world requires 100% productivity of the organisation and each member of the staff. There are a number of issues within the area of HRD which should be addressed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Major HRD Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is possible to single out four major issues which need special attention. These issues are concerned with productivity, training, motivation and diversity of the workforce. Notably, these areas are interrelated, which should be taken into account by HR specialists. Large amount of literature on development of office workers’ skills can be found nowadays. As for development of workers of manufacturing organisations (e.g. textile industry), there is certain lack of consistent surveys and research (Ghazali Halib 2012). It is possible to c onsider the major HRD issues in terms of manufacturing companies to outline main areas to research. Executives, managers and researchers agree that productivity is one of the major issues of HRD (Sims 2007). It has been acknowledged that productivity should become a priority for workers to make a manufacturing company profitable (Ghazali Halib 2012). Admittedly, workers of a manufacturing company should be motivated to work harder. Each employee should strive for 100% productivity. York (2009) provides an example of the importance of each employee’s involvement into the development of the company’s productivity. Thus, one of the General Motor’s plants in California experienced various issues concerning productivity. In 1984, the company started: a joint venture with Toyota†¦ with a focus on teamwork between labor [sic] and management and a collective bargaining agreement that described the workers as professional partners committed to the New United Motors Manufacturing Inc. (York 2009, p. 273) This incentive proved to be effective as productivity of the new venture was 40 per cent more efficient than a typical productivity of a GM plant (York 2009). The workers were motivated to perform better as they understood that their productivity could be beneficial for them and the overall company. This is only one of many examples that justify the importance of workers’ productivity as well as importance of motivation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Workers involved in textile industry can also be motivated in the same way. Though, it is necessary to admit that such measures are quite drastic. As has been mentioned above setting proper standards will be beneficial for any manufacturing company. High quality of products is crucial for textile manufacturing companies. Workers should understand that only specific quality of prod ucts can be regarded as acceptable and such characteristics as speed, amount of the products produced cannot be primary. Notably, there are many strategies to develop productivity. As has been mentioned above, motivation is one of the most important factors to pay attention to. The example of GM plant represents one of ways to develop motivation. Apart from making workers’ ‘professional partners’, it is possible to exploit a variety of strategies. Ghazali and Halib (2012) consider effectiveness of a specific incentive implemented on one of Malaysian manufacturing companies. The major motivation strategy was financial reward, i.e. additional payment for enhanced productivity. Reportedly, this incentive had quite controversial effects. On the one hand, workers were motivated to work harder and produce more. However, such commitment was not very cost-effective as it led to various defects, equipment breakdown, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to note that motivation strategies need to be developed and improved to fit specific industries. It is important to exploit a variety of motivation incentives, which are not confined to extra payment. Workers can obtain extra days off. It is possible to grant permission to work flexible hours. Promotion is a very potent tool to motivate workers of manufacturing companies. Training is also a very effective incentive to motivate workers. It is important to understand potential of each worker and if there is a worker who is eager to perform other tasks, supervisors and eventually the company’s owners should give this person such an opportunity. When it comes to textile industry, some workers may be interested in developing their skills.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Major HRD Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, some may want to develop computer skills and some may have desire to be a designer. All these inclinations and abilities should be taken into account. These workers can become high-skilled professionals, which will be beneficial for the company (and overall industry). When it comes to a textile manufacturing company, it can be helpful to present products of the company to workers who perform well. This incentive can be regarded as a motivation incentive as workers’ performance is appreciated and they are praised. At the same time, this can positively affect products’ quality as workers will remember that the products they produce can become their reward. Admittedly, people tend to create better things for themselves than for other people. Nonetheless, motivation is not the only factor that affects productivity, especially when it comes to manufacturing companies. Training plays a very important role in enhancing productivity. Birdi et al. (2008) claim that extensive training, empowerment and development of teamwork skills positively affect productivity of manufacturing compani es. At that, development of training programs requires quite a lot of precision. In the first place, Bayat (2011) notes that it is important to reconsider performance evaluation as existing standards do not meet needs of the modern business environment. Evaluation of productivity should be thoughtful. Many executives are eager to set quite high productivity standards which are hardly achievable. This strategy is very tempting but it is ineffective and even harmful for a manufacturing company as it leads to lack of motivation in workers. It is also important to take into account physical and psychological abilities of employees. Supervisors should understand whether a worker can fulfil this or that task. It is important to train workers who will be able to benefit from the training obtained as sometimes all workers take certain courses but never use the knowledge and skills acquired (Werner DeSimone 2011). Admittedly, this is not cost-efficient.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When it comes to manufacturing companies, training should address specific group’s needs. Each worker’s performance and potential should be taken into account. It is necessary to add that development of proper training strategies is one of the most serious issues in the contemporary business world. HRD professionals should work out incentives and programs that could address specific issues existing in a particular company. Productivity depends on effectiveness of these programs. Finally, training will positively affect industrial safety as workers should be aware of all standards, requirements and useful strategies. Sometimes it is believed that only large companies can benefit from training. However, a number of surveys show that small companies can also benefit from training and other HRD strategies (Grigore 2008). Many people deem that only big companies can afford proper training. Besides, owners of small companies often think training is costly and will not be rep aid. However, many researchers provide data which suggest that small companies benefit from training and HR development. Owners of small manufacturing companies often fail to understand that training can be regarded as one of strategies aimed at development of motivation. Workers will be motivated to improve their skills and develop new ones to increase their productivity, which, in its turn, will lead to financial reward. Another main issue to be considered is diversity at workplace. It is believed that diversity is a topic that has already been covered and there is no need in considering it. However, there is significant gap in literature on the mater (Curtis Dreachslin 2008). The contemporary workplace is highly diverse in terms of age, gender and ethnicity. All these differences can interfere with productivity of each employee and the overall company. Therefore, it is crucial to pay a lot of attention to this issue. Notably, diversity training has become quite popular lately an d many companies resort to a variety of strategies to raise diversity awareness among their employees (Werner DeSimone 2011). Sims (2007, p. 245) stresses that now the â€Å"diversity challenge centers [sic] not much on employees and customers but on management itself†. The researcher also notes that diversity awareness plays important role in teamwork development. It is important to note that some people think the best way out to address issues associated with diversity is to diminish it. Of course, this approach is ineffective due to, at least, two factors. First, it is hardly possible to diminish level of diversity in the contemporary world where governments ensure equality and diversity (Idowu 2012). Secondly, empowerment of women, globalisation, population aging contribute to high level of diversity at workplace. Thus, changing gender roles result in increasing number of women occupying different positions. The number of women in top management and among manufacturing c ompanies workers is steadily increasing. This contributes to high level of gender diversity. Globalisation is associated with people’s migration, which results in ethnical and cultural diversity at workplace. This is especially true for manufacturing companies where a lot of low-skilled people of different ethnicities are occupied. Population aging leads to quite a significant gap between generations at workplace, which leads to age diversity. Obviously, diversity can hardly be diminished. It is also necessary to note that researchers still argue about the role diversity plays. Some state that diversity positively affects companies’ productivity as people of different backgrounds have extensive experience they share to develop the company (Henry Evans 2007). At the same time, some researchers claim that diversity negatively affects employee’s performance as it leads to miscomprehension, misunderstanding and a variety of conflict situations (Jayne Dipboye 2004) . Both viewpoints have the right to exist as diversity can be beneficial for a company, but it can also lead to numerous issues if no diversity training is provided. Therefore, it is essential to raise diversity awareness among employees. When it comes to manufacturing companies, each employee should be involved in this training. There are numerous strategies to develop diversity awareness these days (Curtis Dreachslin 2008). Though major focus is made on such categories as students, top management, salespeople and healthcare professionals, researchers have developed certain strategies for workers of manufacturing companies as well. First, diversity training should address specific aims. It is necessary to start with particular issues and conflicts existing at workplace. Team building activities should also be a part of this training, or rather teamwork development and diversity awareness training should be incorporated into a single training strategy (Sims 2007). Sometimes languag e courses can be beneficial for workers as nowadays many people of different ethnicities work in manufacturing companies. As far as textile industry is concerned, diversity (especially cultural diversity) is a serious issue which should be addressed. Manufacturing companies often employ low-skilled workers who often have different cultural backgrounds. Apart from different ethnicities, workers of textile manufacturing companies are of different age and gender. Different ages and genders often lead to certain conflicts among workers. Supervisors as well as workers should have the necessary knowledge and skills to be able to solve various problems and avoid conflict situations. Ability to work in teams depends on workers’ ability to cope with issues associated with diversity. In conclusion, it is possible to note that companies need to address a variety of issues in the contemporary highly competitive business world. Human resources development should be one of the priorities f or any company. HR specialists should pay special attention to the following: productivity, motivation, training and diversity. These fields need special attention as they significantly affect profitability of the company. It is also important to note that these areas are interconnected and interdependent so they should be treated accordingly. It is important to develop training strategies that could address all of the following aspects: productivity, motivation and diversity. When it comes to textile manufacturing companies, HR specialists should pay special attention to motivation and diversity as these are key factors for this industry. Notably, there are quite many gaps in research and even such serious issues as productivity, motivation, training and diversity are under-developed. There is need in specific strategies and techniques which could be applicable in particular industries and settings. Of course, every HR specialist should also be ready to introduce effective techniqu es to enhance profitability of the company. Reference List Bayat, RF 2011, ‘Impact on the productivity of human resources management, performance evaluation’, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5.12, pp. 1629-1635. Birdi, K, Clegg, C, Patterson, M, Robinson, A, Stride, CB, Wall, TD, Wood, SJ 2008, ‘The impact of human resource and operational management practices on company productivity: a longitudinal study’, Personnel Psychology 61.1, pp. 467-501. Curtis, EF Dreachslin, JL 2008, ‘Diversity management interventions and organizational performance: a synthesis of current literature’, Human Resource Development Review 7.1, pp. 107-134. Ghazali, Z Halib, M 2012, ‘Productivity-based group incentive scheme: a human resource strategy for competitive advantage in a Malaysian manufacturing company’, European Journal of Social Sciences 28.1, pp. 101-108. Grigore, AM 2008, ‘The impact of human resources practices upon s mall companies performances’, Buletinul LX.2/2008, pp. 83-92. Henry, O Evans, AJ 2007, ‘Critical review of literature on workforce diversity’, African Journal of Business Management, pp. 72-76. Idowu, OF 2012, ‘Human resource diversity and organizational outcomes: managing differences or organizational culture’, Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 1.12, pp. 1-6. Jayne, MEA Dipboye, RL 2004, ‘Leveraging diversity to improve business performance: research findings and recommendations for organizations’, Human Resource Management 43.4, pp. 409-424. Sims, RR 2007, Human resource management: contemporary issues, challenges, and opportunities, IAP, USA. Werner, JM DeSimone, RL 2011, Human resource development, Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. York, KM 2009, Applied human resource management: strategic issues and experiential exercises, Sage Publications, Inc., London. This essay on Major HRD Issues was written and submitted by user Lilandra to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Infancide essays

Infancide essays One Mans Trash is a Countrys Burden Infanticide is and was always the illegal practice of killing infants. Many times people choose to kill their infants because they were poverty stricken. Some people chose to kill their infants due to the childs shameful conception. No matter what the cause, infanticide was and still is a sickening problem. At one point in time infanticide was a popular method of population control. It was a method and a practice that many participate in and did not look down upon. Often children were not seen as a joyful occasion. These parental viewpoints lead to the destruction of many children, especially female infants. Thanks to Christianity, however, many people started to regard their newborns as blessings instead of burdens. The Christian faith preached that killing, no matter what the cause was wrong and punishable in the afterlife. Although in the latter part of the fourth century this offense was accompanied by the death sentence for anyone practicing infanticide, it could be due to the severe decrease in the population due to famine and other epidemics that struck the nations. In any case, the problem of infanticide was generally dealt with through the church system and not by any governmental branch. A common means of infanticide was through the unintentional smothering of a child while the child and the parents slept in the same bed. This was almost impossible to prove as an intentional means of slaughter. Many women who were accused of committing this particular crime served their time in jails or even were committed to the death sentence. Women (rarely men) could also plead insanity but this excuse was usually overruled and the women were inevitably sentenced to death. Eventually, in the fifteen hundreds fines were set in place to discourage people from sleeping with their infants. Women and men were facing hard times. But the women of these times, especially ...

What do you consider to be the key differences between orthodox and Essay

What do you consider to be the key differences between orthodox and new approaches to International Political Economy Illustrate your answer with particula - Essay Example Thus, it has become interdisciplinary studies of economics, law and political science, which help in grasping the inter-relation of political institutions and capitalism – how they affect each other in the political environment. The new range of approaches to ‘International political economy’ (IPE) refers to international trade and finance and government’s monetary and fiscal policies that decide which way the international business of a state proceeds. These approaches to IPE are linked with the journal The Review of International Political Economy (RIPE), edited by British and American scholars.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy) ) Ronen Palan in his book, Global Politician Economy: Contemporary theories, has summarized the IPE in the preface of the book - â€Å"†¦. The emphasis on negotiation, contestation and historical narrative underlines the open-endedness of contemporary processes in the Global Political Economy†. http://www.mammadli.az/political_economy.htm The name of Robert Gilpin, the dean of American students of international political economy stands high in the field because of the new approach to IPE, which is due to the focus he has given to essential economic, political and technological forces changing the world. His Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Political Order is a masterpiece of scholarly research done on the different approaches to comprehend international economic relations. The book also takes into consideration the problems the new economy faces. Gilpin has taken into consideration the new emerging economic and political forces; how the new technology, computing and regionalism are changing the face of world economy after the end of cold war. He has laid emphasis in particular to globalisation of the economy, actual and underlying meaning of economic affairs and the level of its importance, nature and how far goes the role of economic affairs and

Art Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Art Therapy - Essay Example This paper focuses on art therapeutic effect. it is clear that art therapists should be aware of psychotherapeutic theories and adapt them into models relevant to art therapy (Waller, 1992). Psychological treatments next to creativity are combined in art therapy. As far as we can see, art therapy is a unification of medical and non-medical treatment and is available to the society both in medical and non-medical institutions. This fact proves that art therapy is a new stage in medicine development. Art therapists are mediators between the inner world of an individual and a turbulent reality. Creative minds of art therapists and their different approaches to every patient inspire their patients so that the latter can become calm and self-confident people. Art therapists make patients confident in their abilities to establish a successful social relationship, increase their cognitive abilities. Social difficulties experienced by individuals can be cured via art therapy as well. Basically, art therapists show humane attitude to their patients and it is necessary to devote more researchers to this ‘new paradigm’ of art therapy. Books and researchers in art therapy should be written in a creative manner. A creative spirit is an important factor of such kind of works. Art therapy is a paradoxical combination of science and art, which have been often regarded to be incompatible, but this science dis pels this myth and we clearly see that scientific and creative combination leads to a creation of effective field such as art therapy.

Characteristics Of Fractals And Fractal Dimensions Engineering Essay

Characteristics Of Fractals And Fractal Dimensions Engineering Essay According to Benoit B. Mandelbrot, fractal is considered that object or structure that consists of fragments with variable orientation and size but of similar appearance. This feature gives the fractal some special geometric properties the length and the relationship between surface area and volume. These special properties do need other s different mathematical tools to explain the common characteristics. In the human body there are structures with fractal geometry, such as vascular system, the bronchial ramifications, the neural network, the arrangement of the glands, etc. The importance of this fractal geometry in the body is to optimize the role of systems because in a small space with the largest area. Since there are structures with fractal geometry we deduce that should be possible phenomena with fractal characteristics to power these phenomena have constantly repeating patterns at different timescales. These phenomena can be characterized with the use of mathematical tools of fractal geometry. Niels Fabian Helge von Koch said, Fractal theory can be considered a valid and useful tool for studying dynamic phenomena in the human body or in nature and allows an approach more in keeping with the complexity and nonlinearity existing in these processes. The fractal dimension is a mathematical index that we calculate and that allows us to quantify the characteristics of fractal objects or phenomena. This index can be calculated in several ways. One of these ways of calculating fractal dimension is the Hurst exponent. The concept of dimension that we use is usually the classical Euclidean, is that one dimension is a line, form a flat two-dimensional and three-dimensional object form a volume. However, an irregular line tends to form a surface and a surface bends when it becomes a volume, as we can, starting a one-dimensional object, passing the same object in three dimensions. Many natural structures have these characteristics so that, geometrically, these structures may have a non integer dimension between 2 and 3. Thus the fractal dimension is an index that allows us to quantify the geometric properties of objects with fractal geometry. The phenomena with fractal behavior can be represented by line graphs, and these graphics can measure their fractal dimension and thus to quantify the complexity of chaotic dynamics. Regarding the relationship between fractals and chaos, we could truly say that fractals are the graphic representation of chaos. Delving a bit on the subject and based on the ideas of Carlos Sabino we could say that the relationship between chaos and fractals is that fractals are geometric figures with a certain pattern that is repeated endlessly as a multiple scales and if the close look reveals that this pattern is found in the components, and parts of its components, and component parts of its components, and so on to infinity. This we can see if we can observe the fractal at different scales smaller and smaller. Fractals of which is said not to have full dimension represent graphically that chaotic equations can be solved. Fractals show us that points of a given mathematical space collapsed the chaotic solutions of our equation. The most curious part of this is that both the equations and fractals can be constructed with elements that we have all seen in our past academia, but the results obtained can become an incredibly high complexity. This can be considered a way of life Fractal Characteristics In broad terms we can define a fractal as a geometric figure with a very complex and detailed structure at all scales. Already in the nineteenth century many figures were designed with these characteristics but were not considered beyond simple mathematical curiosities and rarities. However, in the seventies of last century, their study is closely linked to development studies on chaos. As noted above, the fractals are basically the graphical representation of chaos, but also have a number of characteristics that then we will try to enumerate. First, we must consider that they are still fractal geometric figures, but do not meet its definition and it is impossible through traditional concepts and methods in place since Euclid. However, the above statement is very far from becoming rare or anomalous figures, as a glance around us can perceive the lack of Euclidean forms ideal, a feeling which will increase greatly if we find in nature. In fact, we will be surprised a lot when we stumble across, for example, with a spherical stone. Consequently, while always trying to apply to reality, Euclidean shapes (circles, squares, cubes ) are limited to the field of our mind and the pure mathematical abstraction. On the contrary, as we shall see, fractals are widespread. Like when we speak of chaos, one of the most significant properties of fractals and which is particularly striking is the fact that originates from some initial conditions or very basic rules that will lead to extremely complex shapes, seemingly diabolical. A clear example is the Cantor set, because it originates simply part of a line segment, we divide it into three parts and remove the core and so on. Another key feature of the concept of fractal self-similarity is This idea in a broader sense and philosophy has attracted since the beginning of mans humanity. Jonathan Swift partly reflected in his book  Gullivers Travels  when he conceived the idea of the existence of tiny men, the  midgets, and giants, all with similar morphology but a quite different scale. Of course, this is very attractive and even romantic, but rejects the science for a long time. However, the advances of this century that unveiled some resemblance of an atom with electrons orbiting around the nucleus and the solar system with the Sun and its planets rehabilitated to some extent the concept. In the particular case of fractals, is viewed as a fractal object every time we change the scale, shows a clear resemblance to the previous image. Therefore, we can define the self-similarity as symmetry within a scale, in other words fractals are recurrent. This is evident in figures like the Koch curve, in which each extension results in an exact copy of the picture above. But to illustrate in a general way, we can see the coastline of Europe. In principle, we may consider Europe as a peninsula of Asia Moreover, within Europe there are large peninsulas and the Balkans and if we reduce the scale, we found other small and the Peloponnese peninsula and we can continue to differentiate between incoming and outgoing calls between the grains sand from the beach. However, this self-similarity should not be confused with an absolute identity between scales, for example, following the previous example, is not that smaller peninsulas have a way exactly like the majors. Rather, what this idea implies the existence of an infinite complexity of fractal figures since, given its recurrence, we will be extending its image over and over again to infinity without the appearance of a completely defined. In fact, these extensions will be revealing an increasingly complex network and seemingly inexplicable. For example, we take a seemingly smooth surface but if we extend it, the microscope will show hillocks and valleys that will be more abrupt increases as we use more. But this discovery leads us to a more difficult question, what is the size of a fractal? This same question was asked in his article Mandelbrot  How long is the coast of Britain?  In which he proposes the concept of fractal dimension. According to Euclids geometry, we move in a three-dimensional as to place a point on the plane we need three coordinates (height, width and depth). Similarly, a plane has two dimensions, the straight one and point zero. However, if we take, for example, the Koch curve is assumed to belong to a one-dimensional world, we will see as their length varies depending on the  ruler  that we use and, therefore, it is impossible to calculate exactly. Clearly, neither is it a plane because as its name suggests is a curve as it is within the plane. Consequently, it is considered that its size must be halfway between one and two. This approach may seem a simple mathematical juggling, since this unit the size of the unit of measure and, ultimately, of the relativity of the reference point of the observer escapes hands. However, it is very useful because, as shown in the following pages can be calculated and, therefore, serves to balance characteristics of fractal objects and their degree of ruggedness, discontinuity or irregularity. This also means that it is considered that this degree of irregularity is constant at different scales, which has been shown many times appearing incredibly regular and irregular patterns of behavior in the complete disorder. CALCULATION OF FRACTAL DIMENSIONS As I mentioned above, we defined the concept of fractal dimension as one that does not fit, traditionally considered since the time of Euclid: size 0, item; dimension 1, the line, and so on. But this concept is not only theoretical but can be calculated as we will show below. Anyway, we should not forget that we start with a subjective idea, as it is to ascertain and quantify the fractal occupies the space where you are. If we take a figure whose fractal dimension is between one and two as, for example, the coastline, the result of its length will depend on the length of the ruler we use, for example the unit of measurement. Therefore, if we get this unit to be infinitely small we can measure with great accuracy.Now, based on this simple idea, it will be easier to understand the following mathematical development: Denote a complete metric space and (X, d), where is a nonempty compact subset of X. whereas take B (x,) as areas  closed  to radio and with center at a point xX. We define an integer, N (A,) that is the least necessary number of areas  closed  to radio we need to cover all A.. This would be: N (A,) = The smallest positive integer so that AÃÅ' ÈMn=1 B(xn, e) For a set of distinct points (xn, 1, 2, 3, , M). To know that this number exists, surround all the points x A with an area  open  to radio > 0 to cover A with joint  open.  Since A is compact, this cover has a finite sub cover, which is an integer, which call M . If  we close  these areas, we get a cover M of closed mats. We call C the set of covers of A with a maximum of M areas  closed  to radio. Therefore, C contains at least one item. Now, lets f:C à   {1, 2, 3,,M } as f (c) which is equal to the number of areas on deck c C. Then, {f(c): cÃŽC} is a finite set of positive integers. Consequently, this set will contain a smaller number, N (A,). Intuitive idea behind fractal dimension, based on the assumption that A has a fractal dimension D if N(A, e)  » Ce -D where C is a positive constant. Interpret » so that f ( ) and g () are real functions of real positive variable. Then, f(e)  » g(e) Means that . Solving for D we get: Given that time tends to zero, we get the term also tends to zero we arrive at the following definition: Be AÃŽH(X), and (X, d) is a metric space. For each e>0 let N (A, e) And lower number of area  closed  to radio?> 0 needed to cover A. If: Exists, then D is the fractal dimension of A. Also denoted as D = D (A) and reads A has fractal dimension D Examples: We can recreate this set a very simple way: we take a line and divide it into three equal segments, eliminating the middle and replaced by two segments of a length equal to one third of the original line thus obtaining four segments, this is continued to infinity. K E N 0 1 1 1 1 / 3 4 2 1 / 9 16 K K = number of interactions required E = size measuring instrument N = Number of times used E Its size is calculated using the following formula: And which leads to: Thus see that the dimension of the Koch curve has a dimension that is between the 1st and the 2nd and is 1.2618. The main and most known representative of fractals is the Mandelbrot set. For many experts it is by far the most complex object of all sciences. It is amazing to observe its infinite complexity, which is certainly beyond description. And this complexity is multiplied at every scale clusters appear endless, peninsulas, islands really are not, spirals, etc. No matter how scaling up or how many times you give to the zoom button, the display will appear more and more figures infinitely complicated. Of course it looks like a diabolical invention capable of driving the sanest. The Mandelbrot set is a series of complex numbers that satisfy a certain mathematical property. Each issue is composed of a real and an imaginary part represented by i, which is equal to the square root of -1, as follows: 2 + 3i. So take a number and either C squared. We add the number obtained C and back to be squared and continue over and over again with the same process: z z2 + C. Applications of Fractals Although they may seem simple figures created to entertain mathematicians, there are many applications of fractals, both theoretically and practically. Given the broad scope of its application field, then we will limit to list the most striking and, so to speak, which are more spectacular. Since then, its application in the field of abstract science has been really great. One of its most immediate applications is the study of solutions of systems of equations over the second degree. In fact, early in the study of fractals, John Hubbard, American mathematician, in a plane represent the way the Newton method for solving equations, leads from different starting points for each of the solutions. Previously it was thought that each solution will have a basin of attraction that would divide the map in several places and points of which lead to the solution. However, by computer scanning and assigning a color to each watershed, Hubbard found that the boundaries of these regions of the plane were not well defined in any way. Within these limits was a color points into other points of color and as the grid of numbers was more complex was going to expand revealing the border. In fact, could be considered as there was no such border. Although there are many applications in areas as diverse as physics and seismology, since then the area where more applications have been found in image processing. In fact, rather than inputs, should speak of a revolution. Michael Barnsley was the pioneer in the treatment of images from its so-called fractal transformation. This is the opposite process to the formation of a fractal, for example instead of creating a figure from certain rules; we search for rules that form a specific figure. Currently, fractals are used to compress digital images so that they occupy less space and can be transmitted at higher speed and lower cost; in addition, they are very useful when creating spectacular special effects blockbusters, because it is relatively easy to create all types of landscapes and funds through fractals. So simple that with a small computer program that occupies a small space, you can create a beautiful tree from a simple scheme. Similarly, the fractal revolution affects the world of music, as it is very widespread use of fractal procedures for the composition, especially techno music or rhythmic foundation for any other type of music. Furthermore, the concept of fractal dimension and have had great impact in the field of biology. On the other hand, one can see great examples of fractal structures in the human body as the network of veins and arteries. From a large blood vessel and the aorta come out smaller vessels until the appearance of very fine hair so as to cover as much space as possible to carry nutrients to cells. Furthermore, it is believed to guess a certain similarity between the generation of fractals and the genetic code, since in both cases from very limited information apparently complex structures arise.

Pie 123

1. External  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger  rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. C. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. remains  constant. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 2. Internal  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger. C. rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 3. External  economies  of  scale A. ay  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. tends  to  result  in  one  huge   monopoly. D. tends  to  result  in  large  profits  for  each  firm. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 4. Internal  economies  of  scale A. may  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. are  associated  only  with  sophisticated  products  such  as  aircraft. D. cannot  form  the  basis  for  international  trade  . E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 5. A  monopolistic  firm A. an  sell  as  much  as  it  wants  for  any  price  it  determines  in  the  market. B. cannot  determine  the  price,  which  is  determined  by  consumer  demand. C. will  never  sell  a  product  whose  demand  is  inelastic  at  the  quantity  sold. D. cannot  sell  additional  quantity  unless  it  raises  the  price  on  eac h  unit. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 7 6. Monopolistic  competition  is  associated  with A. cut-throat  price  competition. B. product  differentiation. C. explicit  consideration  at  firm  level  of  the  feedback  effects  of  other  firms' pricing  decisions. D. high  profit  margins. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 29.Two  countries  engaged  in  trade  in  products  with  no  scale  economies,  produced under  conditions  of  perfect  competition,  are  likely  to  be  engaged  in A. monopolistic  competition. B. inter-industry  trade. C. intra-industry  trade. D. Heckscher-Ohlin  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 19. A  monopoly  firm  engaged  in  international  trade  will A. equate  average  to  local  costs. B. equate  marginal  costs  with  foreign  marginal  revenues. C. equate  marginal  costsà ‚  with  the  highest  price  the  market  will  bear. D. equate  marginal  costs  with  marginal  revenues  in  both  domestic  and  in foreign  markets. E. None  of  the  above.Answer:  D 9. Where  there  are  economies  of  scale,  the  scale  of  production  possible  in  a  country is  constrained  by A. the  size  of  the  country. B. the  size  of  the  trading  partner's  country. C. the  size  of  the  domestic  market. D. the  size  of  the  domestic  plus  the  foreign  market. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D Brown field : , Green field : 21. A  firm  in  monopolistic  competition A. earns  positive  monopoly  profits  because  each  sells  a  differentiated product. B. earns  positive  oligopoly  profits  because  each  firm  sells  a  differentiated product.C. earns  zero  econ omic  profits  because  it  is  in  perfectly  or  pure  competition. D. earns  zero  economic  profits  because  of  free  entry. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 16. International  trade  based  on  scale  economies  is  likely  to  be  associated  with A. Ricardian  comparative  advantage. B. comparative  advantage  associated  with  Heckscher-Ohlin  factor- proportions. C. comparative  advantage  based  on  quality  and  service. D. comparative  advantage  based  on  diminishing  returns. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  E ———————————————Ch7———————————————- . The  effective  rate  of  protection  measures A. the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"true†Ã‚  ad  valorum  v alue  of  a  tariff. B. the  quota  equivalent  value  of  a  tariff. C. the  efficiency  with  which  the  tariff  is  collected  at  the  customhouse. D. the  protection  given  by  the  tariff  to  domestic  value  added. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 1. Specific  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  specific  legal  statutes. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. C. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. D. the  same  as  import  quotas. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B . Ad  valorem  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  ads  in  industry  publications. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. A. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. B. the  same  as  import  quotas C. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C The  main  redistribution  effect  of  a  tariff  is  the  transfer  of  income  from A. domestic  producers  to  domestic  buyers. B. domestic  buyers  to  domestic  producers. C. domestic  producers  to  domestic  government. D. domestic  government  to  domestic  consumers. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 21.Which  of  the  following  policies  permits  a  specified  quantity  of  goods  to  be imported  at  one  tariff  rate  and  a  higher  tariff  rate  to  imports  above  this  quantity? A. Import  tariff B. Voluntary  exports  restraint C. Tariff  quota D. Ad  valorum  tariff E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 22. Should  the  home  country  be  Ã¢â‚¬Å"large†Ã‚  relative  to  its  trade  partners,  its  imposition  of a  tariff  on  imports  would  lead  to  an  increase  in  domestic  welfare  if  the  terms  of the  trade  rectangle  exceed  the  sum  of  the A. revenue  effect  plus  redistribution  effect. B. protective  effect  plus  revenue  effect. C. consumption  effect  plus  redistribution  effect.D. protective  distortion  effect  plus  consumption  distortion  effect. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D An import quota: Is always more costly to a country than an import tariff. Has the same effects on welfare as an import tariff. Generates rents that might go to foreigners. Is always less costly to a country than an import tariff. -> -> ? ? ——————————-Ch9————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 27. The  imperfect  capital  market  justification  for  infant  industry  promotion A. Assumes  that  new  industries  will  tend  to  have  low  profits. B.Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  soon  mature. C. Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  be  in  products  of  comparative advantage. D. Assumes  that  banks  can  allocate  resources  efficiently. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 2. Sophisticated  theoretical  arguments  supporting  import-substitution  policies include A. Terms  of  trade  effects. B. Scale  economy  arguments. C. Learning  curve  considerations. D. The  problem  of  appropriability. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 14. Which  industrialization  policy  used  by  developing  countries  places  emphasis  on the  comparative  advantage  principle  as  a  guide  to  resource  allocation? A. Export  promotion.B. Import  substitution. C. International  commodity  agreements. D. Infant  Industry  promotion. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 1. The  infant  industry  argument  was  an  important  theoretical  basis  for A. Neo-colonialist  theory  of  international  exploitation. B. Import  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  substituting  industrialization. C. Historiography  of  the  industrial  revolution  in  Western  Europe. D. East-Asian  miracle. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 6. The  wage  differential  theory  which  argued  that  shifting  resources  from  agriculture to  manufacturing  entailed  positive  social  benefits  implied  that A. Free  trade  policies  would  promote  competitiveness. B.Free  trade  policies  would  promote  economic  growth  for  both  static  and dynamic  reasons. C. Protectionism  was  likel y  to  lead  to  economic  stagnation. D. Protectionism  and  import  substitution  was  likely  to  promote  economic growth. Answer:  D 12. Which  trade  strategy  have  developing  countries  used  to  restrict  imports  of manufactured  goods  so  that  the  domestic  market  is  preserved  for  home  producers, who  thus  can  take  over  markets  already  established  in  the  country? A. International  commodity  agreement. B. Export  promotion. C. Multilateral  contract. D. Import  substitution. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 18. Import  substitution  policies  make  use  ofA. Tariffs  that  discourage  goods  from  entering  a  country. B. Quotas  applied  to  goods  that  are  shipped  abroad. C. Production  subsidies  granted  to  industries  with  comparative  advantage. D. Tax  breaks  granted  to  i ndustries  with  comparative  advantage. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 25. The  infant  industry  argument  is  that A. Comparative  advantage  is  irrelevant  to  economic  growth B. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  agricultural  goods. C. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  manufacturing. D. Developing  countries  have  a  potential  comparative  advantage  in manufacturing. E. None  of  the  above.Answer:  D 26. The  infant  industry  argument  calls  for  active  government  involvement A. Only  if  the  government  forecasts  are  accurate. B. Only  if  some  market  failure  can  be  identified. C. Only  if  the  industry  is  not  one  already  dominated  by  industrial  countries. D. Only  if  the  industry  has  a  high  value  added. E. None  of  t he  above. Answer:  B 30. Import  substitution  policies  have  over  time  tended  to  involve  all  but  the  following A. Overlapping  import  quotas. B. Exchange  controls. C. Domestic  content  rules. D. Simple  tariffs. E. Multiple  exchange  rate  schemes. Answer:  D 35. The  HPAE  (High  Performance  Asian  Economies)  countriesA. Have  all  consistently  supported  free  trade  policies. B. Have  all  consistently  maintained  import-substitution  policies. C. Have  all  consistently  maintained  non-biased  efficient  free  capital  markets . D. Have  all  maintained  openness  to  international  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D ================================ch11========================== 1. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  incomeà ‚  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  Pakistan  and India  fall  under? A.Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Pakistan  and  India  fall  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 2. While  many  developing  countries  have  reformed  their  economies  in  order  to imitate  the  success  of  the  successful  industrial  economies,  the  process  remains incomplete  and  most  developing  countries  tend  to  be  characterized  by  all  of  the following  except: A. Seigniorage B. Control  of  capital  movements  by  limiting  foreign  exchange  transactions connected  with  trade  in  assets. C. Use  of  natural  resources  or  agricultural  commodities  as  an  important  share of  expo rts.D. A  worse  job  of  directing  savings  toward  their  most  efficient  investment uses. E. Reduced  corruption  and  poverty  due  to  limited  underground  markets. Answer:  E 4. Compared  with  industrialized  economies,  most  developing  countries  are  poor  in the  factors  of  production  essential  to  modern  industry:  These  factors  are A. capital  and  skilled  labor B. capital  and  unskilled  labor C. fertile  land  and  unskilled  labor D. fertile  land  and  skilled  labor E. water  and  capital Answer:  A 5. The  main  factors  that  discourage  investment  in  capital  and  skills  in  developing countries  are: A. olitical  instability,  insecure  property  rights B. political  instability,  insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies C. political  instability,  misguided  economicà ‚  policies D. political  instability E. insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies Answer:  B 6. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  sub-Saharan Africa  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E.Sub-Saharan  Africa  falls  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 7. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  mainland China  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income Answer:  B 8. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies.What  category  would  the  smaller Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Smaller  Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  between  low  income and  lower  middle  income Answer:  D 9. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Saudi Arabia  falls  under? A. Low-income B.Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Saudi  Arabia  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income economies Answer:  B 10. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Turkey falls  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Turkey  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income  economiesAnswer:  B 11. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  uppe r middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Poland, Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Poland,  Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  between  low income  and  lower  middle  income  economies Answer:  B Pie 123 1. External  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger  rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. C. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. remains  constant. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 2. Internal  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger. C. rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 3. External  economies  of  scale A. ay  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. tends  to  result  in  one  huge   monopoly. D. tends  to  result  in  large  profits  for  each  firm. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 4. Internal  economies  of  scale A. may  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. are  associated  only  with  sophisticated  products  such  as  aircraft. D. cannot  form  the  basis  for  international  trade  . E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 5. A  monopolistic  firm A. an  sell  as  much  as  it  wants  for  any  price  it  determines  in  the  market. B. cannot  determine  the  price,  which  is  determined  by  consumer  demand. C. will  never  sell  a  product  whose  demand  is  inelastic  at  the  quantity  sold. D. cannot  sell  additional  quantity  unless  it  raises  the  price  on  eac h  unit. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 7 6. Monopolistic  competition  is  associated  with A. cut-throat  price  competition. B. product  differentiation. C. explicit  consideration  at  firm  level  of  the  feedback  effects  of  other  firms' pricing  decisions. D. high  profit  margins. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 29.Two  countries  engaged  in  trade  in  products  with  no  scale  economies,  produced under  conditions  of  perfect  competition,  are  likely  to  be  engaged  in A. monopolistic  competition. B. inter-industry  trade. C. intra-industry  trade. D. Heckscher-Ohlin  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 19. A  monopoly  firm  engaged  in  international  trade  will A. equate  average  to  local  costs. B. equate  marginal  costs  with  foreign  marginal  revenues. C. equate  marginal  costsà ‚  with  the  highest  price  the  market  will  bear. D. equate  marginal  costs  with  marginal  revenues  in  both  domestic  and  in foreign  markets. E. None  of  the  above.Answer:  D 9. Where  there  are  economies  of  scale,  the  scale  of  production  possible  in  a  country is  constrained  by A. the  size  of  the  country. B. the  size  of  the  trading  partner's  country. C. the  size  of  the  domestic  market. D. the  size  of  the  domestic  plus  the  foreign  market. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D Brown field : , Green field : 21. A  firm  in  monopolistic  competition A. earns  positive  monopoly  profits  because  each  sells  a  differentiated product. B. earns  positive  oligopoly  profits  because  each  firm  sells  a  differentiated product.C. earns  zero  econ omic  profits  because  it  is  in  perfectly  or  pure  competition. D. earns  zero  economic  profits  because  of  free  entry. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 16. International  trade  based  on  scale  economies  is  likely  to  be  associated  with A. Ricardian  comparative  advantage. B. comparative  advantage  associated  with  Heckscher-Ohlin  factor- proportions. C. comparative  advantage  based  on  quality  and  service. D. comparative  advantage  based  on  diminishing  returns. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  E ———————————————Ch7———————————————- . The  effective  rate  of  protection  measures A. the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"true†Ã‚  ad  valorum  v alue  of  a  tariff. B. the  quota  equivalent  value  of  a  tariff. C. the  efficiency  with  which  the  tariff  is  collected  at  the  customhouse. D. the  protection  given  by  the  tariff  to  domestic  value  added. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 1. Specific  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  specific  legal  statutes. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. C. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. D. the  same  as  import  quotas. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B . Ad  valorem  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  ads  in  industry  publications. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. A. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. B. the  same  as  import  quotas C. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C The  main  redistribution  effect  of  a  tariff  is  the  transfer  of  income  from A. domestic  producers  to  domestic  buyers. B. domestic  buyers  to  domestic  producers. C. domestic  producers  to  domestic  government. D. domestic  government  to  domestic  consumers. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 21.Which  of  the  following  policies  permits  a  specified  quantity  of  goods  to  be imported  at  one  tariff  rate  and  a  higher  tariff  rate  to  imports  above  this  quantity? A. Import  tariff B. Voluntary  exports  restraint C. Tariff  quota D. Ad  valorum  tariff E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 22. Should  the  home  country  be  Ã¢â‚¬Å"large†Ã‚  relative  to  its  trade  partners,  its  imposition  of a  tariff  on  imports  would  lead  to  an  increase  in  domestic  welfare  if  the  terms  of the  trade  rectangle  exceed  the  sum  of  the A. revenue  effect  plus  redistribution  effect. B. protective  effect  plus  revenue  effect. C. consumption  effect  plus  redistribution  effect.D. protective  distortion  effect  plus  consumption  distortion  effect. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D An import quota: Is always more costly to a country than an import tariff. Has the same effects on welfare as an import tariff. Generates rents that might go to foreigners. Is always less costly to a country than an import tariff. -> -> ? ? ——————————-Ch9————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 27. The  imperfect  capital  market  justification  for  infant  industry  promotion A. Assumes  that  new  industries  will  tend  to  have  low  profits. B.Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  soon  mature. C. Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  be  in  products  of  comparative advantage. D. Assumes  that  banks  can  allocate  resources  efficiently. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 2. Sophisticated  theoretical  arguments  supporting  import-substitution  policies include A. Terms  of  trade  effects. B. Scale  economy  arguments. C. Learning  curve  considerations. D. The  problem  of  appropriability. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 14. Which  industrialization  policy  used  by  developing  countries  places  emphasis  on the  comparative  advantage  principle  as  a  guide  to  resource  allocation? A. Export  promotion.B. Import  substitution. C. International  commodity  agreements. D. Infant  Industry  promotion. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 1. The  infant  industry  argument  was  an  important  theoretical  basis  for A. Neo-colonialist  theory  of  international  exploitation. B. Import  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  substituting  industrialization. C. Historiography  of  the  industrial  revolution  in  Western  Europe. D. East-Asian  miracle. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 6. The  wage  differential  theory  which  argued  that  shifting  resources  from  agriculture to  manufacturing  entailed  positive  social  benefits  implied  that A. Free  trade  policies  would  promote  competitiveness. B.Free  trade  policies  would  promote  economic  growth  for  both  static  and dynamic  reasons. C. Protectionism  was  likel y  to  lead  to  economic  stagnation. D. Protectionism  and  import  substitution  was  likely  to  promote  economic growth. Answer:  D 12. Which  trade  strategy  have  developing  countries  used  to  restrict  imports  of manufactured  goods  so  that  the  domestic  market  is  preserved  for  home  producers, who  thus  can  take  over  markets  already  established  in  the  country? A. International  commodity  agreement. B. Export  promotion. C. Multilateral  contract. D. Import  substitution. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 18. Import  substitution  policies  make  use  ofA. Tariffs  that  discourage  goods  from  entering  a  country. B. Quotas  applied  to  goods  that  are  shipped  abroad. C. Production  subsidies  granted  to  industries  with  comparative  advantage. D. Tax  breaks  granted  to  i ndustries  with  comparative  advantage. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 25. The  infant  industry  argument  is  that A. Comparative  advantage  is  irrelevant  to  economic  growth B. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  agricultural  goods. C. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  manufacturing. D. Developing  countries  have  a  potential  comparative  advantage  in manufacturing. E. None  of  the  above.Answer:  D 26. The  infant  industry  argument  calls  for  active  government  involvement A. Only  if  the  government  forecasts  are  accurate. B. Only  if  some  market  failure  can  be  identified. C. Only  if  the  industry  is  not  one  already  dominated  by  industrial  countries. D. Only  if  the  industry  has  a  high  value  added. E. None  of  t he  above. Answer:  B 30. Import  substitution  policies  have  over  time  tended  to  involve  all  but  the  following A. Overlapping  import  quotas. B. Exchange  controls. C. Domestic  content  rules. D. Simple  tariffs. E. Multiple  exchange  rate  schemes. Answer:  D 35. The  HPAE  (High  Performance  Asian  Economies)  countriesA. Have  all  consistently  supported  free  trade  policies. B. Have  all  consistently  maintained  import-substitution  policies. C. Have  all  consistently  maintained  non-biased  efficient  free  capital  markets . D. Have  all  maintained  openness  to  international  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D ================================ch11========================== 1. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  incomeà ‚  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  Pakistan  and India  fall  under? A.Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Pakistan  and  India  fall  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 2. While  many  developing  countries  have  reformed  their  economies  in  order  to imitate  the  success  of  the  successful  industrial  economies,  the  process  remains incomplete  and  most  developing  countries  tend  to  be  characterized  by  all  of  the following  except: A. Seigniorage B. Control  of  capital  movements  by  limiting  foreign  exchange  transactions connected  with  trade  in  assets. C. Use  of  natural  resources  or  agricultural  commodities  as  an  important  share of  expo rts.D. A  worse  job  of  directing  savings  toward  their  most  efficient  investment uses. E. Reduced  corruption  and  poverty  due  to  limited  underground  markets. Answer:  E 4. Compared  with  industrialized  economies,  most  developing  countries  are  poor  in the  factors  of  production  essential  to  modern  industry:  These  factors  are A. capital  and  skilled  labor B. capital  and  unskilled  labor C. fertile  land  and  unskilled  labor D. fertile  land  and  skilled  labor E. water  and  capital Answer:  A 5. The  main  factors  that  discourage  investment  in  capital  and  skills  in  developing countries  are: A. olitical  instability,  insecure  property  rights B. political  instability,  insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies C. political  instability,  misguided  economicà ‚  policies D. political  instability E. insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies Answer:  B 6. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  sub-Saharan Africa  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E.Sub-Saharan  Africa  falls  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 7. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  mainland China  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income Answer:  B 8. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies.What  category  would  the  smaller Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Smaller  Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  between  low  income and  lower  middle  income Answer:  D 9. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Saudi Arabia  falls  under? A. Low-income B.Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Saudi  Arabia  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income economies Answer:  B 10. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Turkey falls  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Turkey  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income  economiesAnswer:  B 11. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  uppe r middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Poland, Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Poland,  Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  between  low income  and  lower  middle  income  economies Answer:  B